Europe's tire industry has significantly diversified its carbon black sourcing following the loss of Russian supplies two years ago. Russia accounted for around 60% of EU carbon black imports before sanctions were introduced after Moscow's 2022 invasion of Ukraine. The EU ban on Russian carbon black entered into force in July 2024 and was subsequently extended to Belarus, forcing "rapid sourcing adjustments".

According to the report, by 2025, imports from Russia had stopped, while shipments from China, India and Egypt had increased significantly, with India becoming the largest source of EU carbon black imports. At the same time, EU carbon black production increased 34% between 2019 and 2024, with "notable gains" in Germany, Hungary and Italy.

"Carbon black provides an example of how the industry has responded to supply disruption through diversification of the country of supply," Oxford Economics said.

The report also identified a significantly lower supply risk for synthetic rubber, with 60% of the material consumed by EU tire manufacturers produced within the bloc and 40% imported.

Of the synthetic rubber sourced by tire makers from within the EU, Germany and Poland each accounted for 30%, while Belgium and the Czech Republic each represented around 10% of supplies.

Non-EU supplies were also relatively diversified, according to Oxford Economics, with the US, Japan, South Korea, the UK and China accounting for 68% of imports in 2024.

Another 31% came from 12 economies across the Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Asia.

This contrasts the industry's position with natural rubber supply, for which EU tire manufacturing is entirely dependent on imports and more than 90% of supply is concentrated among five countries.